Linking words

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Linking words
Referring words and Discourse markers in spoken English

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One thing before another
1. Prior to
2. Previously
3. Earlier on
4. Formerly
5. In the meantime / Meanwhile
Time connecting words

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Time connecting words
One thing before another
1.Prior to
2.Previously
3.Earlier on
4.Formerly
5.In the meantime / Meanwhile

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Things happening at the same time
1. (at) the very time /the very moment
2. simultaneously
3. During
4. Throughout
One thing after another
Following
Subsequently
Thereafter

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Time when
The moment / The minute
the time (that)
On that occasion
Non-specific time expressions

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Condition
unless
on condition that
In case of
as/so long as
Provided/Providing
supposing
what if

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Some nouns which express condition
conditions
prerequisite
requirements
under any circumstances
Cause, reason, purpose and result
The collision was due to the icy conditions. The collision was caused by ice on the road. The cause of the collision was ice on the road. The heavy rain caused the riverto flood. Owing to the icy conditions, the two cars collided.

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Results
As a result
As a consequence
Consequently
resulted in
outcome
Concession and contrast
acknowledge/accept
admit
concede
Adverbs and other phrases showing contrast. That’s all well and good That’s all very wel, After all For all that

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Concession and contrast
Admittedly
the reverse was true
In contrast
On the other hand
Collocating phrases for contrast
poles apart, world of difference yawning gap, great divide

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Addition
In addition
Additionally
Furthermore
Moreover
What’s more
Equally
Likewise
On top of (all) that

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Expressions at the end of sentences/clauses
and so on
and so on and so forth
Expressions that begin, or come in the middle of, sentences/clauses
Further to
In addition to
Alongside
as well as
Besides / Apart from

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WORD WORK ACTIVITIES INFOGRAPHICS
Text-referring words
problem
solution
issue
question
topic
aspect

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Problem-solution words
situation: state of affairs, position (with regard to)
problem: difficulty (more formal), crisis, matter
response (to): reaction (to), attitude (to), approach (to)
solution: answer(to),resolution (to), key (to),way out (of)
evaluation (of the solution): assessment, judgment

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Discourse Markers
Adding surprising additional information or arguments
as a matter of fact
Balancing constrasting ideas
Whereas on the other hand
Changing the subject
By the way incidentally
To change the direction of a conversation
Talking of
To introduce the most important point
Basically
To introduce a fact that is very clear to understand
obviously of course
To say something again in another way
In other words

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Making something clear or give more details
I mean
Introduce an arguments that the other person may not have thought of
after all
To introduce the idea that what you said before is less important than what you are about to say now
anyway in any case besides
To make a seemingly true statement
Apparently supposedly
To generalize
On the whole
To say what the result would be if something did not happed or if the situation were different
otherwise

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