WHAT IS ACADEMIC WRITING

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What is academic writing?
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Writing is communicative. In all forms of communication there is a sender who transmits the message to a receiver. In academic writing that message will be a fact based argument. And in order to successfully deliver this, you need to know who you’re writing for and what you can expect your target reader already know. In other words identifying your audience is crucial.
So academic writing is writing which communicates ideas information and research to the wider academic community and it can be divided into two types:
Student academic writing
Expert academic writing
These two forms differ in terms of what they are, the audience and the purpose.
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1.Student academic writing is used as a form of assessment at university. Or it may also be used at schools in preparation for university study. The audience will be tutors or professors at university and the purpose is to demonstrate learning.
2. Expert academic writing on the other hand is writing for publication, in academic journals or books. The audience is other experts in the same field and the purpose is the creation of new knowledge.
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Although these two types of academic writing are different in terms of content, audience and purpose, standards and requirements are the same for both. This makes sense. For example if you’re learning to drive a car if you’re a student driver you still need to obey the speed limit, stop at red lights and so on. In other words you have the same standards and requirements that expert drivers do.
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These are two great examples of academic writing. This concept can be applied more generally to include much wider variety of tasks and objectives. As academic English is the variety of English used to convey research so academic writing is the variety of academic English used to convey research in writing. That means there are many different kinds of academic writing from literature reviews to research papers to abstracs and lab reports.
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We should mention about four fundamental types:
Descriptive writing
Analytical writing
Persuasive writing
Critical writing
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1. Descriptive writing This is the most simple type of writing. The purpose of descriptive writing is only that it provides us with the right fact and information.
2. Analytical writing It is very difficult for a university-level text to be completely descriptive. Most academic writing is analytical. Inside analytical writing, we also include descriptive writing. But the facts and information you have told in groups and parts have to be kept rearranged. Sometimes these categories are already a part of discipline, but In some cases, you have to create them.  The instruction you have to follow for an analytical assignment is: analyze, compare, contrast, relate, and examine.
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3. Persuasive writing In persuasive writing, you always have to be one step ahead of analytical writing. Persuasive writing has all the features that are in analytical writing. Instruction included in the persuasive writing is: argue, test, discuss, take the position.
4. Critical writing  If you want to do any research or do any undergraduate writing, then critical writing comes in handy. Critical writing has all the features that are available in persuasive writing with a different approach feature. You can give your point of view on any issue or topic in persuasive writing, but if we talk about critical writing, you can consider two points of view including your own.
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Some examples of different kinds of academic writing:
Essay
Literature review
Research proposal
Report
Project
Abstract
Course work
Graduation paper
Dissertation and so on.
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Features of academic writing
Evidenced
Formal
Structured
Balanced
Precise
Objective
Critical
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Structured
Academic writing should have a clear structure. The structure will often derive from the genre of writing. For example, a report will have an introduction (including the aim or aims), a method section, a discussion section and so on, while an essay will have an introduction (including a thesis statement), clear body paragraphs with topic sentences, and a conclusion. The writing should be coherent, with logical progression throughout, and cohesive, with the different parts of the writing clearly connected. Careful planning before writing is essential to ensure that the final product will be well structured, with a clear focus and logical progression of ideas.
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Evidenced
Opinions and arguments in academic writing should be supported by evidence. Often the writing will be based on information from experts in the field, and as such, it will be important to reference the information appropriately, for example via the use of in-text citations and a reference section.
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Critical
Academic writing does more than just describe. As an academic writer, you should not simply accept everything you read as fact. You need to analyse and evaluate the information you are writing about, in other words make judgements about it, before you decide whether and how to integrate it into your own writing. This is known as critical writing. Critical writing requires a great deal of research in order for the writer to develop a deep enough understanding of the topic to be truly critical about it.
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Balanced
Academic writing should be balanced. This means giving consideration to all sides of the issue and avoiding bias. As noted above, all research, evidence and arguments can be challenged, and it is important for the academic writer to show their stance on a particular topic, in other words how strong their claims are. This can be done using hedges, for example phases such as the evidence suggests… or this could be caused by…, or boosters, that is, phrases such as clearly or the research indicates.
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Precise
Academic writing should use clear and precise language to ensure the reader understands the meaning. This includes the use of technical (i.e. subject-specific) vocabulary, which should be used when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term. Sometimes such technical vocabulary may need defining, though only if the term is not commonly used by others in the same discipline and will therefore not be readily understood by the reader.
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Objective
Academic writing is objective. In other words, the emphasis is placed on the arguments and information, rather than on the writer. As a result, academic writing tends to use nouns and noun phrases more than verbs and adverbs. It also tends to use more passive structures, rather than active voice, for example The water was heated rather than I heated the water.
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Formal
Finally, academic writing is more formal than everyday writing. It tends to use longer words and more complex sentences, while avoiding contractions and colloquial or informal words or expressions that might be common in spoken English. There are words and collocations which are used in academic writing more frequently than in non-academic writing, and researchers have developed lists of these words and phrases to help students of academic English, such as the Academic Word List, the Academic Vocabulary List, and the Academic Collocation List.
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Conversational & vague terms Questions
Abbreviations & contractions Personal pronouns
Slang and phrases
Avoid using the following informal usage:
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Academic Writing Principles
Cohesion
Clarity
Logical order
Completeness
Variety
Formality
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Given the relatively specialist nature of academic writing, it can seem daunting when you first begin. You can develop your academic writing by paying attention to feedback from tutors or peers and seeking specific areas to improve. Another way to develop your academic writing is to read more. By reading academic journals or texts, you can develop a better understanding of the features that make academic writing different from other forms of writing.
Developing your academic writing
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Structure of Academic Writing
If we talk about academic writing structure, then it’s beginning, middle and end should be perfect. There are mainly three parts. Introduction- The introduction gives the background to the topic and outlines the content written by you.
Main body- the main part of your writing should be written correctly. Sentences should flow smoothly.
Conclusion – In conclusion, all the important points are summarized.
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Tips for Academic Writing
Here are some tips which can help. Understand the assignment– If you are going to write something, then before that you have to know what has been asked.  Brainstorm your ideas– Brainstorming is very important for your academic writing. Do not start your writing until you have gathered your ideas together. Prepare an outline– Preparing an outline is another important tip. Make sure your points do not clash with each other. The outline provides all the appropriate information in your paper. Language – The language that you will use in your paper, you will have to choose it very carefully.
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These steps include: 1. Analyzing the task: this involves clarifying your purpose for writing and identifying your target audience. 2. Planning your argument: Next you need to develop a main claim and decide how you will support this claim using evidence. 3. Research: this is necessary in order to gather quality, fact-based, objective, evidence that you need to create the argument you will use to support your main claim. 4. Start and engage in the writing and drafting process. No good writing is done overnight. It’s important to produce multiple drafts and to both edit and proofread your writing. While it is important to consider things like punctuation and proper spelling. It is even more important to see how well you’ve structured your argument and the information in your writing.
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To sum up, there are many benefits of investing your time and energy in becoming a proficient academic writer.Academic writing is an important skill to master for a wide variety of professional and personal reasons.First, it allows writers to make individual contributions to the ongoing dialogues in their fields. It allows individuals a greater voice and ability to participate in conversations about topics important to them.
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Additionally, by mastering the skills necessary to become an effective academic writer a person also becomes an effective researcher and critical thinker.Finally, academic writing is a marketable skill that improves one’s qualifications and makes one a more attractive candidate for potential employers.In the end, academic writing is about much more than just the act of writing which is itself not simply a skill but a collection of skills. In addition to putting your thoughts on the page effective writing involves critical thinking the ability to create a convincing argument and good research skills.
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